Police Corruption Essay Example for Free

Police Corruption Essay This paper intends to reintroduce â€Å"police corruption† by defining it, briefly mentioning real-life examples, discussing its types and levels, stating that there is also ‘right corruption’, restating its causes and effects, as well as, how this dilemma may be addressed. Police Corruption Defined â€Å"Acts involving the misuse of authority by a police officer in a manner designed to produce personal gain for himself or others† is the technical definition of â€Å"police corruption† (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 296). In addition to that it is said that the act of â€Å"police corruption occurs when a police officer accepts money, goods, or services for actions they are sworn to do anyway or when they accept anything for ignoring actions they are sworn to invoke legal procedures against† (Ivkovic, 2005, pp. 15 32). Real-Life Examples of Police Corruption There are several true-to-life incidents with regards to â€Å"police corruption†; take for instance the following: During the 80s there were seventy five police officers in Miami who were charged for â€Å"police corruption† (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 297). There were some who were arrested because of â€Å"drug dealing† (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 297). In New York City, almost the same incident occurred in 1992 since there were six police officers who bought drugs in their â€Å"inner city precincts and selling it in the suburban communities† where they dwell in (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 297). During the same year, a police chief was convicted of illegally taking $2,600,000.00 from their department (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 298). Then in 1996, there were three police officers in Detroit who were involved in a â€Å"Texas-to-Michigan cocaine smuggling ring† (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 297). During the same year, there were six police officers in Illinois accepted money in exchange of allowing twenty drug dealers do business in their area (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 297). In addition to that, a police director was sent to prison for â€Å"malfeasance, mail wire fraud, tax fraud, accepting gifts, making false statements, and forging documents† (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 298). Corruption Types There are several types of â€Å"police corruption† and these are the following: First is technically referred to as â€Å"taking gratuities† which is defined as accepting tips in petty amounts or price cut on products bought (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 298). Accepting tips is not usually illegal, however, if the police officer accepts such and will grant the request of a person that he carries out something negative then the police officer should be charged for it (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 298). Second is known as â€Å"taking bribes† which is defined technically as accepting money with the purpose of undermining the objectives of the â€Å"criminal justice system† (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 298). Third is â€Å"theft/burglary† or stealing of money or property while carrying out their responsibilities (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 298). â€Å"Theft/burglary† is considered another type of â€Å"police corruption† because there are many ways of doing so (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 298). For instance, since police can have access to â€Å"warehouses and store†, they can easily rob these themselves if they are tempted to (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 298). The last is known as â€Å"internal corruption† (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 298). It is defined as â€Å"paying colleagues or other people in the police department in exchange for special assignments or promotions† (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 299). There are other uncategorized types of â€Å"police corruption† including the following: 1) accepting free meals; 2) accepting discounted products/services; 3) taking advantage of other people who are weak/helpless; 4) taking from establishments which are not highly protected; 5) asking for money in exchange for protecting activities which are illegal; 6) taking money in exchange of fixing cases; as well as, 7) planning to steal or rob an institution like a bank or a convenience store   (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 299). Levels of Corruption Interestingly, there are â€Å"levels of corruption† as well and these are the following: It begins with the first level which is known as â€Å"rotten apples and rotten pockets† (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 299). Here, only one police officer is involved in an act of corruption (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 299). The next level of corruption is called â€Å"pervasive and unorganized corruption† (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 299). Here, several police officers are involved but they do not have plans on how exactly they are to carry out such a corrupt act (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 299). The third and final level is an invasive and well thought-out corruption (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 299). Here, almost everybody is involved; at least within the precinct or the department the policemen belong to (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 299). The police officer usually begins by considering taking gratuities like meals/products/services for free which may result from peer pressure (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 300). Next to this stage, a police officer may consider accepting money to neglect regulatory wrongdoings (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 300). Unfortunately, a police officer may ‘develop’ into the final stage of corruption which involves accepting ‘gifts’, as well as, asking for it; he or she may now be on the lookout for a ‘kickback’ (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 300). Right Corruption Fascinatingly, not everything about â€Å"police corruption† is negative (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 300). There are instances wherein an act of corruption may be carried out to achieve a greater cause (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 300). Effects of Police Corruption However, it cannot be denied that there are countless negative effects of â€Å"police corruption† (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 300). Unfortunately, it weakens law implementation which leads to prevalent delinquent acts (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 300). It also eliminates self-respect not only for the police officer but for the entire department itself making it more impossible for discipline to be established within the organization (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 300). Furthermore, the society loses their hope that they may be protected against delinquent people and other threats which leads to non-belief in the whole criminal justice system itself (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 300). Causes of Police Corruption â€Å"Police corruption† exists because of the following: 1) It occurs because it is observable and thus can be learned/imitated; 2) It happens because the nature of their work allows them to carry out a ‘corrupt’ act they are sometimes tempted to do so because they have the power to do so and because they can earn a lot by doing so; 3) Police officers are not very well motivated by their work due to the following: inadequate pay, no room for growth, no extensive training, etcetera and so they tend to engage in â€Å"police corruption† (Ivkovic, 2005, pp. 63 -96). Addressing Police Corruption Fortunately, there are steps we can do to address this problem (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 300). Experts say that it is important to acknowledge first that â€Å"police corruption† is being experienced (Ivkovic, 2005, pp. 97 134). Second is to institute â€Å"internal affairs divisions† to watch and regulate police officers (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 300). Third is to motivate the police force so that they will love their jobs and would not engage in â€Å"police corruption†, for instance, they should be trained, rewarded/praised, provided with a good salary, as well as, promoted when necessary (Ivkovic, 2005, pp. 97 134).

FDA and Merck :: essays research papers

The FDA and Merck Vioxx Scandal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the news recently, many different companies have been recognized for their unethical practices in their company and towards the public. One of these companies is the FDA and Merck. The FDA, the Federal Drug Administration, is one of the most trusted companies in the pharmaceutical market. This company tests different drugs and gives approval for them to be obtainable to the public. Merck is a company that creates these drugs and then has them tested by the FDA for approval. Some of the drugs that Merck has been known for are Singulair for asthma and seasonal allergic rhinitis, Fosamax for osteoporosis, Cozaar/Hyzaar for high blood pressure, Vioxx and Arcoxia for arthritis and pain, Cancidas for infections, Cosopt for glaucoma, Proscar for benign prostate enlargement, and Maxalt for migraines.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Recently, the FDA and Merck have been battling with many facilities and the public over the drug Vioxx. Vioxx was produced to help arthritis pain in patients. The FDA approved the drug that Merck produced and has been in the market for four years, and recently pulled off of it. Evidence is continuing to surface showing the FDA knowingly approved and promoted the drug, and refused to recall it after showing many health risks and deaths because of it. Evidence has also shown Merck trying to hide evidence of heart disease after the FDA has approved it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the FDA and Merck has lied to the public and drawn out many health risks because of drugs that they have approved, it is difficult to come up with an idea that will restore the public’s trust towards both companies. The FDA which was already one of America’s most trusted companies in the medicine industry, has lost the faith that customers always had. To regain the trust of the public, the company could have different public announcements to explain the situation and what occurred with the Vioxx scandal.

President Obama Health Care Plan: ” What It All Mean for Us”

More than a week after President Obama signed the sweeping new health care law, which eventually provides insurance coverage for 32 million uninsured American, many of us are still scratching our head (Parker). What just happened? And how and when will we start feeling its effect? Effective this year, in six months, children with preexisting condition cannot be denied health care. In 2014, Medicaid will cover individual up to 133 percent of the poverty levels (Landau and Parker) also, in 2014, insurance companies will not be able to deny adults with preexisting conditions coverage or charge them higher premium.Some adult won’t likely qualify for Medicaid under the 2014 rules (4). More immediately however, they will benefit from the expansion of funding for community health center, which offer free and reduced-cost care. While the biggest change will not take effect until 2014 some important provision will begin as early as June, the question that everyone want to know is †Å"How soon will the new law help me† (Obama Plan). The answer depends on your age and reason for not having insurance.If you can’t afford or don’t qualify for insurance because of a preexisting Medicaid problem (1). You may be eligible for a new federal â€Å"High risk† pool to be offered by the end of June (2). The federal plan is expected to offer more affordable coverage than the existing state plan and will not impose the same income restriction as Medicaid (Obama Plan). The new plan will begin immediately to close the Medicare â€Å"donut hole†, by giving you 50 percent discount on brand-name prescription drug for senior who qualify.It will end insure practice of charging different premium or denying coverage based on gender, and will limit premium variation based on age. The new bill will provide new tax credit on a suding scale to individual and families that will limit how much of their income can be spent on premium. People with nongroup pl an may see increase, but more than half the enrollees in nongroup plan will qualify for federal subsidies, lowering cost for middle and moderate-income families on average by about 60 percent (Obama Plan 7 ).And also this year tax credit as high as 30 percent of premium will be available to many small businesses, which offer health coverage to employee. The President plan will also cap out-of pocket expanse and will prohibit insurance companies from imposing annual or lifetime caps on benefits payments. Under the new rule companies generally can’t rescind a policy for a minor application error. Many people look at this as a better law for health care.Better for all American families; like there are now no more worries about if you will be coverage because you don’t have insurance or if you worried about losing your job and now have no money to pay for your child Medicare bills. This plan will protect all that qualify for better health care. Although there are still peo ple that feel that this isn’t much and that feel we have went from a full plan with a small deductible and great prescription coverage to a plan now that is basically a high-deductible plan. But I feel that it’s a winner.

Essay E-Commerce and Vladimir Zwass - 2877 Words

E-Commerce E-Commerce is a shortened word which means Electronic-Commerce. Vladimir Zwass (2001) defines E-Commerce as the process of carrying out business transactions by the use of telecommunication networks. It involves sharing business information and maintaining business relationships. E- Commerce started as early as 1948 during the Berlin airlift in the form of electronic transmissions (Seideman, 1996). E-Commerce later developed into electronic data interchange (EDI) and in the 1960s, industries cooperated to produce common electronic data formats. These formats were however only used in purchasing, transportation and finance at the intra industry level transactions. National EDI standards were later developed in late 1970s and†¦show more content†¦It is claimed that e-commerce is more advanced in the USA than in Europe (Sagepub, 2011). Proper understanding of the key drivers of e-commerce will help in the comparisons of the different countries so as to create a concrete base of unequal advancement of e-commerce in the various regions. These drivers are the external factors affecting the e-commerce and are outlined as the PEST factors, standing for Political, Economical, Social and Technological factors. Political Factors The degree of advancement of e-commerce in a country is very much dependent on the government of the country. This involves the government’s support on e-commerce through creation of legislations, initiative and its support on the use and development of e-commerce. The political factors that drive e-commerce include; government incentives, legislations and policies Economical factors The use of e-commerce in a country depends on the wealth of a country. E-commerce requires expensive facilities which dictate or may limit poor countries to use it efficiently. The economic factors that drive e-commerce include; economic growth, average income of the citizens, cost of using telecommunication services and the cost of telecommunication facilities. Social factors Knowledge of the computer and the Information Technology is a major factor that enables buyers and sellers to efficiently use the e-commerce. This